Friday, April 30, 2010

Web Hosting Types

Free Hosting

Some ISPs offer free web hosting.
Free web hosting is best suited for small sites with low traffic, like personal sites. It is not recommended for high traffic or for real business. Technical support is often limited, and technical options are few.
Very often you cannot use your own domain name at a free site. You have to use a name provided by your host like http://www.freesite.com/users/~yoursite.htm. This is hard to type, hard to remember, and not very professional.
Good: Bad:
Low cost. It's free. No domain names.
Good for family, hobby or personal sites. Few, limited, or no software options.
Free email is often an option. Limited security options.
  Limited or no database support.
  Limited technical support.


Shared (Virtual) Hosting

Shared hosting is very cost effective.
With shared hosting, your web site gets its own domain name, and is hosted on a powerful server along with maybe 100 other web sites.
Shared solutions often offer multiple software solutions like e-mail, database, and different editing options. Technical support tends to be good.
Good: Bad:
Low cost. Cost is shared with others. Reduced security due to many sites on one server.
Good for small business and average traffic. Restrictions on traffic volume.
Multiple software options. Restricted database support.
Own domain name. Restricted software support.
Good support  


Dedicated Hosting

With dedicated hosting, your web site is hosted on a dedicated server.
Dedicated hosting is the most expensive option. This option is best suited for large web sites with high traffic, and web sites that use special software.
You should expect dedicated hosting to be very powerful and secure, with almost unlimited software solutions.
Good: Bad:
Good for large business. Expensive.
Good for high traffic. Requires higher skills.
Multiple domain names.  
Powerful email solutions.  
Powerful database support.  
Strong (unlimited) software support.  


Collocated Hosting

Collocation means "co-location". Collocated hosting lets you place your own web server on the premises (locations) of a service provider.
This is pretty much the same as running your own server in your own office, only that it is located at a place better designed for it.
Most likely an ISP will have dedicated resources like high-security against fire and vandalism, regulated backup power, dedicated Internet connections and more.
Good: Bad:
High bandwidth. Expensive.
High up-time. Requires higher skills.
High security. Harder to configure and debug.
Unlimited software options.  


Your Checklist

Before you choose your web host, make sure that:
  • The hosting type suits your needs
  • The hosting type is cost effective
  • Upgrading to a better server is possible
  • If needed, upgrading to a dedicated server is possible
Before you sign up with an ISP, surf some other web sites on their servers, and try to get a good feeling about their network speed. Also compare the other sites against yours, to see if it looks like you have the same needs. Contacting some of the other customers is also a valuable option.

Example: eUKhost

eUKhost is a leading web hosting company in the United Kingdom.
eUKhost offers services including:
  • Shared Hosting
  • Reseller Hosting
  • VPS Hosting
  • Dedicated Servers
  • 24/7/365 Support
on Linux and Windows platforms, powered by control panels such as cPanel/WHM, Plesk and DotNetPanel.
An account can be setup within a few minutes.

Web Hosting Database Technologies

MS SQL Server or Oracle for high traffic database-driven web sites.
MySQL for low-cost database-access.
MS Access for low traffic web sites.

Web Databases

If your web site needs to update large quantities of information via the web, you will need a database to store your information.
There are many different database systems available for web hosting. The most common are MySQL, SQL Server, Oracle, and MS Access.

Using the SQL Language

SQL is the language for accessing databases.
If you want your web site to be able to store and retrieve data from a database, your web server should have access to a database-system that uses the SQL language.
If you want to learn more about SQL, please visit our SQL tutorial.

SQL Server

Microsoft's SQL Server is a popular database software for database-driven web sites with high traffic.
SQL Server is a very powerful, robust and full featured SQL database system.

Oracle

Oracle is also a popular database software for database-driven web sites with high traffic.
Oracle is a very powerful, robust and full featured SQL database system.

MySQL

MySQL is also a popular database software for web sites.
MySQL is a very powerful, robust and full featured SQL database system.
MySQL is an inexpensive alternative to the expensive Microsoft and Oracle solutions.

Access

When a web site requires only a simple database, Microsoft Access can be a solution.
Access is not well suited for very high-traffic, and not as powerful as MySQL, SQL Server, orOracle.

Web Hosting Technologies

Windows Hosting

Windows hosting means hosting of web services that runs on the Windows operating system.
You should choose Windows hosting if you plan to use ASP (Active Server Pages) as server scripting, or if you plan to use a database like Microsoft Access or Microsoft SQL Server. Windows hosting is also the best choice if you plan to develop your web site using Microsoft Front Page.

Unix Hosting

Unix hosting means hosting of web services that runs on the Unix operating system.
Unix was the first (original) web server operating system, and it is known for being reliable and stable. Often less expensive than Windows.

Linux Hosting

Linux hosting means hosting of web services that runs on the Linux operating system.

CGI

CGI scripts are executables that will execute on the server to produce dynamic and interactive web pages.
Most ISPs offer some kind of CGI capabilities. ISPs often offer preinstalled, ready to run, guest-books, page-counters, and chat-forums solutions in CGI.
CGI is most common on Unix or Linux servers.

ASP - Active Server Pages

ASP is a server-side scripting technology developed by Microsoft.
With ASP you can create dynamic web pages by putting script code inside your HTML pages. The code is executed by the web server before the page is returned to the browser. Both VBScript and JavaScript can be used.
ASP is a standard component in Windows 95,98, 2000, and XP. It can be activated on all computers running Windows.
If you want to learn more about ASP, please visit our ASP tutorial.

PHP

PHP is the widely-used, free, and efficient alternative to competitors such as Microsoft's ASP.
PHP is perfectly suited for Web development, and can be embedded directly into the HTML code.
The PHP syntax is very similar to Perl and C.
PHP is often used together with Apache (web server) on various operating systems. It also supports ISAPI and can be used with Microsoft's IIS on Windows.
PHP supports many databases, such as MySQL, Informix, Oracle, Sybase, Solid, PostgreSQL, Generic ODBC, etc.
If you want to learn more about PHP, please visit our PHP tutorial.

JSP

JSP is a server-side technology much like ASP, developed by Sun.
With JSP you can create dynamic web pages by putting Java code inside your HTML pages. The code is executed by the web server before the page is returned to the browser.
Since JSP uses Java, the technology is not restricted to any server-specific platform.

Cold Fusion

Cold Fusion is another server-side scripting language used to develop dynamic web pages.
Cold Fusion is developed by Adobe.

Chili!Soft ASP

Microsoft's ASP technology runs only on Windows platforms.
However, Chili!Soft ASP is a software product that allows ASP to run on UNIX and some other platforms.

Microsoft FrontPage

FrontPage is a website design tool developed by Microsoft.
FrontPage allows users to develop a web site without any deep knowledge of web development.
Most Windows hosting solutions support FrontPage server extensions for users that use FrontPage to develop their web site.
If you plan to use FrontPage, you should look for a Windows hosting solution.

Adobe Dreamweaver

Dreamweaver is a website design tool owned by Adobe Systems.
Dreamweaver allow users to develop a web site without any deep knowledge of web development.
Dreamweaver has support for web technologies such as CSS, JavaScript, ASP.NET, ColdFusion, JavaServer Pages, and PHP.
Dreamweaver is available for both Mac and Windows operating systems.

Secure Server

A secure server can transmit data encrypted.
If you plan to do online creditcard transactions, or other types of web communication that needs to be protected against unauthorized access, your ISP must provide a secure server.

Web Hosting E-mail Services

E-mail Accounts

Hosting solutions should include e-mail accounts for each person in your company.
E-mail addresses should appear something like this:
john@mycompany.com
john.doe@mycompany.com
jdoe@mycompany.com

POP E-mail

POP stands for Post Office Protocol. POP is a standard client/server protocol for sending and receiving e-mail.
The e-mails are received and held on your internet server until you pick it up with a client e-mail program, like Microsoft Outlook or Mozilla Thunderbird.

IMAP Email

IMAP stands for Internet Message Access Protocol. IMAP is another standard protocol for sending and receiving e-mail.
The e-mails are received, and held on your internet server, until you pick it up with a client e-mail program, like Microsoft Outlook or Mozilla Thunderbird.
IMAP represents an improvement over POP because e-mail stored on an IMAP server can be manipulated from several computers (a computer at home, a workstation at the office, etc.), without having to transfer messages back and forth between computers. POP was designed to support e-mail access on one single computer.

Web-based E-mail

Web-based e-mail services enable you to access your e-mail via a web browser. You log into your e-mail account via the Web to send and retrieve e-mail. Being able to access your e-mail from any browser anywhere in the world is a very attractive option.
Examples of web-based e-mail services are Gmail and Hotmail.

E-mail Forwarding

E-mail forwarding allows you to have multiple e-mail personalities.
With e-mail forwarding, you can setup aliases for other e-mail accounts like:
postmaster@mycompany.com should be forwarded to peter@mycompany.com
sales@mycompany.com should be forwarded to mary@mycompany.com

Mailing Lists

Some service providers offer mailing list capabilities. This is valuable if you plan to send out e-mails to a large number of users.

Connection Speed

In the early days of the Internet a T1 connection was considered a fast connection. Today connection speeds are much faster. 1 byte equals to 8 bits (and that's the number of bits used to transport one character). Low-speed modems can transport from about 14 000 to 56 000 bits per second (14 to 56 kilobits per second). That is somewhere between 2000 and 7000 characters per second, or about 1 to 5 pages of written text.
One kilobit (Kb) is 1024 bits. One megabit (Mb) is 1024 kilobits. One gigabit (Gb) is 1024 megabits.
These are connection speeds used on the Internet today:
Name Connection Speed per second
Modem Analog 14.4-56Kb
D0 Digital (ISDN) 64Kb
T1 Digital 1.55Mb
T3 Digital 43Mb
OC-1 Optical Carrier 52Mb
OC-3 Optical Carrier 156Mb
OC-12 Optical Carrier 622Mb
OC-24 Optical Carrier 1.244Gb
OC-48 Optical Carrier 2.488Gb
Before you sign up with a host provider, surf some other web sites on their servers, and try to get a good feeling about their network speed. Also compare the other sites against yours, to see if it looks like you have the same needs. Contacting some of the other customers is also a valuable

Monthly Traffic

A small or medium web site will consume between 1GB and 5GB of data transfer per month.

Calculate the following: average page size * expected page views per month
Example: If your average page size is 30KB and you expect 50,000 page views per month, you will need 0.03MB * 50,000 = 1.5GB.
Larger, commercial sites often consume more than 100GB of monthly traffic.
Before you sign up with a host provider, make sure to check this:
  • What are the restrictions on monthly transfer?
  • Will the web site be closed if it exceeds the volume?
  • Will you be billed a fortune if the web site exceeds the volume?
  • Is upgrading a simple task?

Web Hosting Capacities

How Much Disk Space?

A small or medium web site will need between 10 and 100MB of disk space.
If you look at the size of HTML pages, you will see that the average size is very small. But if you look at the size of the images used inside these pages, you will often find the images larger than the page.
Expect each HTML page to take up between 5 and 50KB of disk space on your web server, depending on the use of images or other space-consuming elements.
If you use a lot of images or graphic elements (or sound files or movies), you might need much more disk space.
Make sure you know your needs, before choosing a web host.

Tuesday, April 20, 2010

What is SSL and what are Certificates?

The Secure Socket Layer protocol was created by Netscape to ensure secure transactions between web servers and browsers. The protocol uses a third party, a Certificate Authority (CA), to identify one end or both end of the transactions. This is in short how it works.
  1. A browser requests a secure page (usually https://).
  2. The web server sends its public key with its certificate.
  3. The browser checks that the certificate was issued by a trusted party (usually a trusted root CA), that the certificate is still valid and that the certificate is related to the site contacted.
  4. The browser then uses the public key, to encrypt a random symmetric encryption key and sends it to the server with the encrypted URL required as well as other encrypted http data.
  5. The web server decrypts the symmetric encryption key using its private key and uses the symmetric key to decrypt the URL and http data.
  6. The web server sends back the requested html document and http data encrypted with the symmetric key.
  7. The browser decrypts the http data and html document using the symmetric key and displays the information.
Several concepts have to be understood here.

What about S/Mime or other protocols?

If SSL was developed for web servers, it can be used to encrypt any protocol. Any protocol can be encapsulated inside SSL. This is used in IMAPS, POPS, SMTPS,... These secure protocols will use a different port than their insecure version. SSL can also be used to encrypt any transaction: there is no need to be in direct (live) contact with the recipient. S/Mime is such protocol, it encapsulates an encrypted message inside a standard e-mail. The message is encrypted using the public key of the recipient. If you are not online with the recipient then you must know its public key. Either you get it from its web site, from a repository, or you request the recipient to e-mail you its public key and certificate (to ensure you are speaking to the right recipient).
In a reverse order, the browser can send its own signed certificate to the web server, as a mean of authentication. But everybody can get the browser certificate on the CA web site. Yes, but the signed certificate has been sent encrypted with the private key, that only the public key can decrypt.

private Key/Public Key:


The encryption using a private key/public key pair ensures that the data can be encrypted by one key but can only be decrypted by the other key pair. This is sometime hard to understand, but believe me it works. The keys are similar in nature and can be used alternatively: what one key emcrypts, the other key pair can decrypt. The key pair is based on prime numbers and their length in terms of bits ensures the difficulty of being able to decrypt the message without the key pairs. The trick in a key pair is to keep one key secret (the private key) and to distribute the other key (the public key) to everybody. Anybody can send you an encrypted message, that only you will be able to decrypt. You are the only one to have the other key pair, right? In the opposite , you can certify that a message is only coming from you, because you have encrypted it with you private key, and only the associated public key will decrypt it correctly. Beware, in this case the message is not secured you have only signed it. Everybody has the public key, remember!
One of the problem left is to know the public key of your correspondent. Usually you will ask him to send you a non confidential signed message that will contains his publick key as well as a certificate.

What is SSL and what are Certificates?

The Secure Socket Layer protocol was created by Netscape to ensure secure transactions between web servers and browsers. The protocol uses a third party, a Certificate Authority (CA), to identify one end or both end of the transactions. This is in short how it works.
  1. A browser requests a secure page (usually https://).
  2. The web server sends its public key with its certificate.
  3. The browser checks that the certificate was issued by a trusted party (usually a trusted root CA), that the certificate is still valid and that the certificate is related to the site contacted.
  4. The browser then uses the public key, to encrypt a random symmetric encryption key and sends it to the server with the encrypted URL required as well as other encrypted http data.
  5. The web server decrypts the symmetric encryption key using its private key and uses the symmetric key to decrypt the URL and http data.
  6. The web server sends back the requested html document and http data encrypted with the symmetric key.
  7. The browser decrypts the http data and html document using the symmetric key and displays the information.
Several concepts have to be understood here.

Saturday, April 17, 2010

Use Your Domain Name

After you have chosen and registered your own domain name, make sure you use it on all your web pages, and on all your correspondence, like e-mail and traditional mail.
It is important to let other people be aware of your domain name, and to inform your partners and customers about your web site.

Expired Domains

 Another source for domain registrations is expired domains.

When you register a domain, think of it as a rental, assuming there are no legal or trademark issues with the domain name, you are free to use it as long as you continue to pay the yearly fee (you can now register in advance as many as 10 years). Some people register domains as speculators, hoping that they can later sell them, while others may have planned to use a domain and never had the time. The result is that domains that were previously registered, become available again.

False Domain Names - Directory Listings

Some providers will offer you a name under their own name, like:  www.theircompany.com/yourcompany/
This is not a real domain name, it is a directory - and you should try to avoid it.
Directory domains are not desirable, especially for companies.
Typically, directory domains are used for personal web sites and free web sites provided by an ISP, you may have seen www.theircompany.com/~username as an address.
Competition in domain name registration has resulted in a dramatic decrease in pricing, so domain sharing is not common, since it is possible to register a domain name for only $15 per year

Sub Domains


Most people are unaware that they use sub domains daily. The famous "www" of the World Wide Web is an example of a sub domain. Sub domains can be created on a DNS server, and they don't need to be registered with a domain name registrar, of course, the original domain name needs to be registered before a sub domain could be created.
Examples of sub domains used on the internet are http://store.apple.com and http://support.microsoft.com.
Sub domains can be requested from your web hosting provider.

Choosing a Domain Name


Choosing a domain name is a major step for any individual or organization.
New domain name extensions and creative thinking still offer thousands of excellent domain names!
When choosing a name, it is important to consider the purpose of a domain name, which is to provide an easy way to reach your web site.
The best domains have the following characteristics:
Short - People don't like to type! A short domain name is easier to type, read, and remember.
Meaningful - A short domain is nothing without meaning, 34i4nh.com is not easy to enter or to remember. Select a domain that relates to your site in a way that people will understand.
Clear - Clarity is important when selecting a domain name. Avoid a name that is difficult to spell or pronounce.
Exposure - Names that are short and easy to remember are an asset. In addition to visitors, also consider search engines. Search engines index your site and rank it for relevance against terms people search for. In order to maximize your sites exposure, consider including a relevant search term in your domain. Of course, only consider this if it still maintains a short, clear and meaningful domain name.

Registering a Domain

Domains can be registered from domain name registration companies.These companies provide interfaces to search for available domain names, and they offer a variety of domain name extensions that can be registered at the same time.

Web Hosting Domain Names

A domain name is a unique name for a web site, like w3schools.com.
Domain names must be registered. When domain names are registered, they are added to a large domain name register. In addition, information about the web site, including the IP address, is stored on a DNS server.
DNS stands for Domain Name System. A DNS server is responsible for informing all other computers on the Internet about the domain name and the web site address.

Tuesday, March 2, 2010

All the Domain Names of the World

Country Domains
Listed Alphabetically by Country
Domain
Country
 
Domain
Country
 
Domain
Country
 
.acAscension Island .adAndorra .aeUnited Arab Emirates
.agAfghanistan .aiAntiqua and Barbuda .alAlbania
.amArmenia .anNetherlands Antilles .aoAngola
.aqAntractica .asAmerican Samoa .arArgentina
.atAustria .auAustralia .awAruba
.azAzerbaijan .baBosnia and Herzegovina .bbBarbados
.bdBangladesh .beBelgium .bfBurkina Faso
.bgBurkina Faso .bhBahrain .biBurundi
.bjBenin .bmBermuda .bnBrunei Darussalam
.boBolivia .brBrazil .bsBahamas
.btBhutan .bvBouvet Island .bwBotswana
.byBelarus .bzBelize .caCanada
.ccCocos (Keeling) Islands .cdCongo, Democratic Republic of the .cfCentral Africa Republican
.cgCongo, Republic of the .chSwitzerland .ciCote Divoire - Ivory Coast
.ckCook Islands .clChile .cmCameroon
.cnChina .coColumbia .crCosta Rica
.csCzechoslovakia .cuCuba .cvCape Verde
.cxChristmas Island .cyCyprus .czCzechoslavakia
.deGermany .djDjibouti .dkDenmark
.dmDominica .doDominican Republic .dzAlgeria
.ecEcuador .eeEstonia .egEgypt
.ehWestern Sahara .erEritrea .esSpain
.etEthiopia .fiFinland .fjFiji
.fkFalkland Islands - Malvinas .fmMicronesia .foFaroe Islands
.frFrance .gaGabon .gbGreat Britain
.gdGrenada .geGeorgia .gfFrench Guiana
.ggGuernsey .ghGhana .giGibraltar
.glGreenland .gmGambia .gnGuinea
.gpGuadeloupe .gqEquatorial Guinea .grGreece
.gsSouth Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands .gtGuatemala .guGuam
.gwGuinnea-Bissau .gyGuyana .hkHong Kong
.hmHeard and McDonald Islands .hnHonduras .hrCroatia - Hrvatska
.htHaiti .huHungary .idIndonesia
.ieIreland .ilIsrael .imIsle of Man
.inIndia .ioBritish Indian Ocean Territory .iqIraq
.irIran .isIceland .itItaly
.jeJersey .jmJamaica .joJordan
.jpJapan .keKenya .kgKyrgyzstan
.khCambodia .kiKiribati .kmComoros
.knSaint Kitts and Nevis .kpKorea, Democratic People's Republic of .krKorea, Republic of
.kwKuwait .kyCayman Islands .kzKazakhstan
.laLao People's Democratic Republic .lbLebanon .lcSaint Lucia
.liLiechtenstein .lkSri Lanka .lrLiberia
.lsLesotho .ltLithuania .luLuxembourg
.lvLatvia .lyLibya .maMorocco
.mcMonaco .mdMoldova .mgMadagascar
.mhMarshall Islands .mkMacedonia .mlMali
.mmMyanmar .mnMongolia .moMacau
.mpNorthern Mariana Islands .mqMartinique .mrMauritainia
.msMontserrat .mtMalta .muMauritius
.mvMaldives .mwMalawi .mxMexico
.myMalaysia .mzMozambique .naNamibia
.ncNew Caledonia .neNiger .nfNorfolk Island
.ngNigeria .niNicaraqua .nlNetherlands
.noNorway .npNepal .nrNauru
.nuNiue .nzNew Zealand - Aotearoa .omOman
.paPanama .pePeru .pfFrench Polynesia
.pgPapua New Guinea .phPhilippines .pkPakistan
.plPoland .pmSt. Pierre and Miquelon .pnPitcairn
.prPuerto Rico .psPalestine .ptPortugal
.pwPalau .pyParaguay .qaQatar
.reReunion .roRomania .ruRussian Federation
.rwRwanda .saSaudi Arabia .sbSolomon Islands
.scSeychelles .sdSudan .seSweden
.sgSingapore .shSt. Helena .siSlovenia
.sjSvalbard and Jan Mayen Islands .skSlovak Republic .slSierra Leone
.smSan Marino .snSenegal .soSomalia
.srSuriname .stSao Tome and Principe .suUSSR
.svEl Salvador .sySyria .szSwaziland
.tcTurks and Caicos Islands .tdChad .tfFrench Southern Territories
.tgTogo .thThailand .tjTajikistan
.tkTokelau .tmTurkmenistan .tnTunisia
.toTonga .tpEast Timor .trTurkey
.ttTrinidad and Tobago .tvTuvalu .twTaiwan
.tzTanzania .uaUkraine .ugUganda
.ukUnited Kingdom .umUnited States Minor Outlying Islands .usUnited States
.uyUruguay .uzUzbekistan .vaVatican City State
.vcSaint Vincent .veVenezuela .vgVirgin Islands - British
.viVirgin Islands - US .vnViet Nam .vuVanuatu
.wfWallis and Futuna Islands .wsSamoa .yeYemen
.ytMayotte .yuYugoslavia .zaSouth Africa
.zmZambia .zwZimbabwe   


 
Country Domains

[Listed Alphabetically by domain]

[Listed Alphabetically by Country]

Country
 
Domain
Country
 
Domain
Country
 
Domain
Afghanistan.ag Albania.al Algeria.dz
American Samoa.as Andorra.ad Angola.ao
Antiqua and Barbuda.ai Antractica.aq Argentina.ar
Armenia.am Aruba.aw Ascension Island.ac
Australia.au Austria.at Azerbaijan.az
Bahamas.bs Bahrain.bh Bangladesh.bd
Barbados.bb Belarus.by Belgium.be
Belize.bz Benin.bj Benin.bj
Bhutan.bt Bolivia.bo Bosnia and Herzegovina.ba
Botswana.bw Bouvet Island.bv Brazil.br
British Indian Ocean Territory.io Brunei Darussalam.bn Bulgaria.bg
Burkina Faso.bf Burundi.bi Cambodia.kh
Cameroon.cm Canada.ca Cape Verde.cv
Cayman Islands.ky Central Africa Republican.cf Chad.td
Chile.cl China.cn Christmas Island.cx
Cocos (Keeling) Islands.cc Columbia.co Comoros.km
Congo, Democratic Republic of the.cd Congo, Republic of the.cg Cook Islands.ck
Costa Rica.cr Cote Divoire - Ivory Coast.ci Croatia - Hrvatska.hr
Cuba.cu Cyprus.cy Czechoslovakia.cs
Czech Republic.cz Denmark.dk Djibouti.dj
Dominica.dm Dominican Republic.do East Timor.tp
Ecuador.ec Egypt.eg El Salvador.sv
Equatorial Guinea.gq Eritrea.er Estonia.ee
Ethiopia.et Falkland Islands - Malvinas.fk Faroe Islands.fo
Fiji.fj Finland.fi France.fr
French Guiana.gf French Polynesia.pf French Southern Territories.tf
Gabon.ga Gambia.gm Georgia.ge
Germany.de Ghana.gh Gibraltar.gi
Great Britain.gb Greece.gr Greenland.gl
Grenada.gd Guadeloupe.gp Guam.gu
Guatemala.gt Guernsey.gg Guinea.gn
Guinnea-Bissau.gw Guyana.gy Haiti.ht
Heard and McDonald Islands.hm Honduras.hn Hong Kong.hk
Hungary.hu Iceland.is India.in
Indonesia.id Iran.ir Iraq.iq
Ireland.ie Isle of Man.im Israel.il
Italy.it Jamaica.jm Japan.jp
Jersey.je Jordan.jo Kazakhstan.kz
Kenya.ke Kiribati.ki Korea, Democratic People's Republic of.kp
Korea, Republic of.kr Kuwait.kw Kyrgyzstan.kg
Lao People's Democratic Republic.la Latvia.lv Lebanon.lb
Lesotho.ls Liberia.lr Libya.ly
Liechtenstein.li Lithuania.lt Luxembourg.lu
Macau.mo Macedonia.mk Madagascar.mg
Malawi.mw Malaysia.my Maldives.mv
Mali.ml Malta.mt Marshall Islands.mh
Martinique.mq Mauritainia.mr Mauritius.mu
Mayotte.yt Mexico.mx Micronesia.fm
Moldova.md Monaco.mc Mongolia.mn
Montserrat.ms Morocco.ma Mozambique.mz
Myanmar.mm Namibia.na Nauru.nr
Nepal.np Netherlands.nl Netherlands Antilles.an
New Caledonia.nc New Zealand - Aotearoa.nz Nicaraqua.ni
Niger.ne Nigeria.ng Niue.nu
Norfolk Island.nf Northern Mariana Islands.mp Norway.no
Oman.om Pakistan.pk Palau.pw
Palestine.ps Panama.pa Papua New Guinea.pg
Paraguay.py Peru.pe Philippines.ph
Pitcairn.pn Poland.pl Portugal.pt
Puerto Rico.pr Qatar.qa Reunion.re
Romania.ro Russian Federation.ru Rwanda.rw
Saint Helena.sh Saint Kitts and Nevis.kn Saint Lucia.lc
Saint Pierre and Miquelon.pm Saint Vincent.vc Samoa.ws
San Marino.sm Sao Tome and Principe.st Saudi Arabia.sa
Senegal.sn Seychelles.sc Sierra Leone.sl
Singapore.sg Slovak Republic.sk Slovenia.si
Solomon Islands.sb Somalia.so South Africa.za
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.gs Spain.es Sri Lanka.lk
Sudan.sd Suriname.sr Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands.sj
Swaziland.sz Sweden.se Switzerland.ch
Syria.sy Taiwan.tw Tajikistan.tj
Tanzania.tz Thailand.th Togo.tg
Tokelau.tk Tonga.to Trinidad and Tobago.tt
Tunisia.tn Turkey.tr Turkmenistan.tm
Turks and Caicos Islands.tc Tuvalu.tv Uganda.ug
Ukraine.ua United Arab Emirates.ae United Kingdom.uk
USSR.su United States.us United States Minor Outlying Islands.um
Uruguay.uy Uzbekistan.uz Vanuatu.vu
Vatican City State.va Venezuela.ve Viet Nam.vn
Virgin Islands - British.vg Virgin Islands - US.vi Wallis and Futuna Islands.wf
Western Sahara.eh Yemen.ye Yugoslavia.yu
Zambia.zm Zimbabwe.zw   

Thursday, February 11, 2010

What is domain kiting?

Domain kiting is the process of registering a domain to test it for monetization purposes and then, if it doesn't generate advertising revenue, cancelling it within the five-day grace period for a full refund. Typically, registrants register recently expired domains that may still receive traffic from search engines and other visitors. If the domain has the potential to earn enough money to exceed the cost of registration, the registrant keeps the domain. If the domain does not have the potential to earn enough money to exceed the cost of registration, the registrant cancels the domain for a full refund.

What is a second-level domain (SLD)?

The second-level domain is the readable part of the domain name that is located immediately to the left of the dot. For example, the second-level domain in coolexample.com is "coolexample." You define the second-level domain when you register most domains. However, there are some registries that restrict the second-level domain, such as .UK domains. Domains with this extension must include .CO. For example, coolexample.co.uk.

Second-level domains can be divided into further domain levels (for example, www.one.coolexample.com). These subdomains sometimes represent different computer servers within departments, but they can be created for any purpose. More than one second-level domain name can be used for the same IP address.

What are 301 and 302 redirect pages

You can forward or mask a domain name to redirect to another website. When specifying the information for redirecting the page, you can use either a 301 or 302 redirect.

If you redirect your domain using a 301 redirect, it sends people to the site you specified using a "301 Moved Permanently" HTTP response. The HTTP 301 response code tells user-agents (including search engines) that the location has permanently moved.

NOTE: If you use a 301 redirect, you can remove the redirect or change it at any time.

A 302 redirect sends people to the site you specified in the using a "302 Found" HTTP response. The HTTP 302 response code tells user-agents (including search engines) that the location has temporarily moved.

A 301 redirect can provide a long-term solution to point your domains to business or affiliate sites. A 302 redirect points your domain to a temporary page while you build your permanent website. The specific redirects help the search engines distinguish how long your website can be viewed at the current locatio

What is a domain name?

A domain name is a Web address, such as coolexample.com, that is linked to an IP address (which represents a physical point on the Internet). The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is the governing body that coordinates links between IP addresses and domain names across the Internet, so you can find websites by entering domain names instead of IP addresses into your Web browser.

For example, think of an IP address as an address for a house or business, such as the White House. The address, 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue is comparable to an IP address, and the name you know it as, the White House, is comparable to a domain name.

A domain name consists of a top-level and a second-level domain. A top-level domain (TLD), or domain extension, is the part of the domain name located to the right of the dot (coolexample.com). The most common domain extensions are .COM, .NET, and .ORG. Some other popular domain extensions are .BIZ, .INFO, .NAME, and .WS. These common extensions have certain guidelines, but are usually available to any registrant, anywhere in the world.

There are also restricted top-level domains (rTLDs), like .AERO, .BIZ, .EDU, .MIL, .MUSEUM, .NAME, and .PRO that require registrants to represent a certain type of entity or to belong to a certain community. For example, the .NAME domain extension is reserved for individuals, while .EDU is reserved for educational entities.

Country-code TLDs (ccTLDs) are for websites and registrants of a particular geographic location, such as .BZ (Belize), .CA (Canada), .DK (Denmark), .EC (Ecuador), .IE (Republic of Ireland), .UK (United Kingdom), .US (United States), and .ZW (Zimbabwe).

The part of the domain name located to the left of the dot (coolexample.com) is called the second-level domain (SLD) name. The second-level domain name is the "readable" part of the address and refers to the organization or entity behind the Internet address. Second-level domain names must be unique on the Internet and registered with an ICANN-accredited registrar. As an ICANN-accredited registrar, you can register domain names through us.

What is DNS?

DNS (The Domain Name System) provides visitors access to websites through domain names.

How does DNS work? DNS translates human-speak (domain names) into computer-speak (IP addresses). IP addresses are strings of numbers used by every computer connected to the Internet to identify its location and communicate with other computers and web servers. For example, 128.0.1.2 is an IP address. So, DNS translates the domain name coolexample.com to an IP address: 208.109.80.196. Without DNS, you would have to know the IP address of every website you want to visit.

How does DNS know which IP address to use? Each domain name has all of its DNS information stored in a file known as its zone file. Large collections of zone files for different domains are stored on name servers. Domain names then point to nameservers to locate their zone files — however, a domain name must point to the nameserver holding its zone file to work properly.

How do I know which nameserver to use? You only need to update your nameserver when changes are made to your website's hosting. The company hosting your website provides either your website's nameservers or IP address. Then, provide this information to you domain name's registrar. Once you've updated your nameservers or IP address, your website is accessible with a web browser in 24 to 48 hours.

How do I increase my search engine ranking

Because search engines use proprietary ranking algorithms, and Web directories rely on human editors, there is no guarantee that submitting your Web site or any other action will produce a high ranking with a particular search engine or directory.

However, there are several things you can do that may increase your search engine ranking.

* Use clear, concise title, description, and keyword meta tags.
* Ensure proper use of HTML heading tags (h1, h2, h3, etc.).
* Use alt tags on images.
* Make regular updates to your site.
* Resubmit your domain after large updates.

Keep in mind that any updates made to your search engine ranking may take six to eight weeks to reflect.

Who can register .ca domains

pplicants must meet the Canadian Presence Requirements, and only the following individuals and entities can apply to the Canadian Internet Registration Authority (CIRA) to register a .ca domain:

* Canadian citizens
* Permanent residents
* Legal representatives
* Corporations
* Trusts
* Partnerships
* Associations
* Trade unions
* Political parties
* Educational institutions
* Libraries, archives, or museums
* Hospitals
* Her Majesty the Queen
* Indian bands
* Aboriginal Peoples
* Governments
* Trade-mark registered in Canada
* Official marks

You can view a complete list and explanation for each individual or entity, as well as the CIRA Policies, Rules, and Procedures document at cira.ca/en/cat_Registrar.html.

If the domain name was registered in the University of British Columbia (UBC) registry before November 8, 2000, you satisfy the Canadian Presence Requirements unless the UBC registrant no longer exists or you transferred the domain to another registrant.

.ca domain names are registered on a first-come, first-served basis. You can register .ca domains for up to ten years.

nameserver

Nameservers are the Internet's equivalent to phone books. A nameserver maintains a directory of domain names that match certain IP addresses (computers). The information from all the nameservers across the Internet is gathered in a central registry.

This makes it possible for visitors to access your website using a familiar domain name, instead of having to remember a series of numbers.

Nameservers on other networks can access information at the central registry up to 8 hours after registering .COM and .NET domains and up to 48 hours for all other domain extensions. This period is referred to as the propagation period.

The nameservers you use depends on when you set up your hosting account. For information on which nameservers to use for your account, see Setting Nameservers for Your Domains.

status of a domain name

There are 23 domain status codes that you may come across when using DomainAlert Pro. Most of these are variations of a few basic states.

A domain's normal state is ACTIVE or OK. Active domains can be used for websites, email, or to register nameservers.

The domain registrant can also transfer domains from one registrar to another. A few status codes exist to keep track of a domain when changes like this are pending. Likewise, cancelling a domain registration can put it into a PENDING status.

Domains can also be placed in a LOCK or HOLD status. The domain registrant might do this to prevent its settings from being casually altered by associates. A registrar or registry might also lock or hold a domain, as necessary.
.COM and .NET Domains

These are the 6 status codes used for .COM and .NET domains:

ACTIVE
The normal state for a domain name. Domains that are active can be used for websites, email, or to register nameservers.
REGISTRAR-HOLD
The domain was placed on hold by the registrar and cannot be used or renewed for any use whatsoever.
REGISTRY-HOLD
The domain was placed on hold by the registry and cannot be used.
REGISTRAR-LOCK
The registrar, often at the request of the domain registrant, locked the domain so that its settings cannot be modified.
REGISTRY-LOCK
The registry locked the domain so that its settings cannot be modified.
REDEMPTIONPERIOD
The domain expired, and the registry is waiting for 30 days as a precautionary measure before releasing it.
PENDINGRESTORE
A domain that had expired is being restored to ACTIVE status.
PENDINGDELETE
The domain expired 75 days ago, and the registry is about to erase it. A domain remains in this status for five days before it is deleted.

.ORG, .BIZ, .US, and .INFO Domains

Here are the 15 status codes used for .ORG, .BIZ, .US, and .INFO domains:
CLIENT_DELETE_PROHIBITED
The registrar locked the domain so that it cannot be deleted.
SERVER_DELETE_PROHIBITED
The registry locked the domain so that it cannot be deleted.
CLIENT_HOLD
The registrar placed the domain on hold, and it cannot be used.
SERVER_HOLD
The registry placed the domain on hold, and it cannot be used.
CLIENT_RENEW_PROHIBITED
The registrar locked the domain so that it cannot be renewed.
SERVER_RENEW_PROHIBITED
The registry has locked the domain so that it cannot be renewed.
CLIENT_TRANSFER_PROHIBITED
The registrar locked the domain so that it cannot be transferred to another registrar.
SERVER_TRANSFER_PROHIBITED
The registry locked the domain so that it cannot be transferred to another registrar.
CLIENT_UPDATE_PROHIBITED
The registrar locked the domain to prevent its settings from being changed.
SERVER_UPDATE_PROHIBITED
The registry locked the domain to prevent its settings from being changed.
INACTIVE
The domain cannot be used because the nameservers haven't been entered or there is a problem with the nameservers.
OK
The domain is active and can be used for websites, email, or to register nameservers.
PENDING_DELETE
The registration for the domain is about to be deleted by the registry, as when the domain expires.
PENDING_TRANSFER
The domain is in the process of being transferred from one registrar to another. It may not be modified during this period.
PENDING_VERIFICATION
The registry is in the process of creating the domain record.

Registering Domains

If your domain is available, you can register it for a period of time that you specify during the checkout process. You can use your domain to build your business and assist you in creating a dynamic online identity. You may also want to consider registering multiple domain names to:

* Keep your competition from registering a domain name that draws customers to them instead of you.
* Promote the different products and services you offer.
* Drive more traffic to your website.
* Enjoy more opportunities to market to, and be listed on, search engines.
* Create distinct advertising strategies that reach different target markets.
* Provide customers more ways to find you when searching the Internet.
* Capture common misspellings of your domain name, instead of sending visitors to an error page.
* Protect your brand and online identity from those who may have unsavory purposes.

To get started, you need to check if the domain name you want is available.
To Check a Domain's Availability

1. Go to our Home Page.
2. In the Domain Name Search field, enter the domain you want to register, and then select the domain extension from the list.
3. Click Go.

If the domain you requested is taken, we present you with available alternatives. For example, you may be able to select a .INFO or .WS domain extension, rather than a .COM. For example, you could register www.coolexample.info, instead of www.coolexample.com.

If the domain is available, follow the instructions to complete the checkout process. As you complete your registration, include valid contact information for each contact. ICANN, the governing body for domain names, requires valid information for your contact information (Registrant, Technical, Billing, and Administrative). If you enter false information, your domain is cancelled.

Your contact information is public and accessible through the Whois databases of most registrars. However, you can protect your privacy by registering your domain with us using our private domain name registration services.

When you purchase our private domain registration services, the Whois directory lists Domains By Proxy’s name, postal address, and phone number instead of yours. Although Domains By Proxy is the registrant of your domain name registration, you still retain the full benefits of domain registration. You can:

* Cancel, sell, or transfer your domain registration.
* Revert the registrant listing for your domain registration back to you.
* Renew your domain registration when it expires.
* Designate the nameservers for your domain.
* Resolve claims arising out of a dispute involving your domain registration.

park a domain name

What does it mean to park a domain name?

When you park a domain name, a temporary Web page displays when visitors go to your domain. You may want to park your domain to indicate you are reserving it until you create your website, find a hosting provider, or sell the domain to a third party.

park a domain name

What does it mean to park a domain name?
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When you park a domain name, a temporary Web page displays when visitors go to your domain. You may want to park your domain to indicate you are reserving it until you create your website, find a hosting provider, or sell the domain to a third party.

Top level domains

What is a top-level domain (TLD)?
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A top-level domain (TLD) is the part of the domain name located to the right of the dot (" . "). The most common top-level domains are .com, .net, and .org. Some other popular top-level domains are .biz, .info, and .ws. These common top-level domains have certain guidelines attached, but are for the most part available to any registrant, anywhere in the world.

There are also restricted top-level domains (rTLDs), like .aero, .biz, .edu, .mil, .museum, .name, and .pro, that require the registrant to represent a certain type of entity, or to belong to a certain community. For example, the .name TLD is reserved for individuals and .edu is reserved for educational entities.

Country-code TLDs (ccTLDs) are for websites and registrants of a particular geographic location. For example: bz (Belize), .ca (Canada), .dk (Denmark), .ec (Ecuador), ie (Republic of Ireland), .uk (United Kingdom), .us (United States), and .zw (Zimbabwe).

Mad dog secure domain paynet

How do domain names work?
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Registering a domain doesn't automatically make your website appear when visitors enter your domain into a Web browser. You have to upload your website to a computer that hosts the site and assigns a numeric address, called an IP address, to your domain. Your domain and associated IP address are stored in a database with every other domain and associated IP address. When visitors enter your domain into a Web browser, your domain works like an address forwarding service by forwarding visitors to the IP address where your website is stored. We use domain names instead of IP addresses because most people find it easier to remember a name rather than a series of numbers.

When you register a domain, you do not have to create and upload a website. You can also:

Sell it. Domains can be a great investment. If you have registered a domain that you are not using, maybe someone else can. Log in to your Account Manager and set up a For Sale parked page for your domain. Don't forget to include your contact information.

Protect your brand online. The more domains you register, the better. Prevent others from registering a similar domain to yours—just to steal away your customers. What to do with all these names? Forward them to your main domain.

Hold on to it. Maybe you haven’t decided what to do with your new domain. Don’t worry – there’s no rush. You can leave it parked with us for the length of your registration.

For new .COM and .NET domains and updates, it may take up to eight hours for changes to become effective. It may take up to 48 hours for changes made to all other domain extensions to become effective. This is because of the number of networks and agencies involved. Delays apply to all domains and registrars. Please allow for this delay when planning websites or configuring a domain to work with your email.

What do I do with my domain once it's been registered?
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Besides setting up your website, there are a number of things you can do with your domain once you register it.

Sell it. Domain names can be a great investment. If you have registered a domain name that you are not using, maybe someone else can. Log in to your Account Manager and set up a For Sale parked page for your domain name. Don't forget to include your contact information.

Protect your brand online. The more domain names you register, the better. Prevent others from registering a similar domain name to yours—just to steal away your customers. What to do with all these names? Forward them to your main domain name.

Hold on to it. Maybe you haven’t decided what to do with your new domain name. Don’t worry – there’s no rush. You can leave it parked with us for the length of your reg

Go Daddy the web is your domain

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Using MySpace To Promote Your Business

by OmaroAiloch

Date Submitted: 8/15/2008

While the MySpace social networking website is predominantly seen as being a music related site, it can be used for much more.

While the MySpace social networking website is predominantly seen as being a music related site, it can be used for much more. Integrated into your online marketing mix, and treated properly, it can form a good basis for Social Media Optimization and for Search Engine Optimization. Certain social networking sites, including MySpace, naturally receive a lot of weight from search engines. As such, a link to your own web pages from MySpace pages can giver search engine rankings a boost. However, perhaps the biggest benefit of using MySpace is the ability to network with people that are naturally inclined to use the service you offer or buy the product you provide.

Be Ethical

Possibly the biggest tip you will ever get on using MySpace positively is to avoid spamming other users. Always use ethical means and ensure that you establish a MySpace page that offers genuine value to somebody other than yourself. MySpace spam is a fairly big and extremely annoying problem – if you are seen to be a perpetrator of this annoyance then you won't be promoting your business or website in a positive light and you will actively deter new leads.

Joining Relevant MySpace Groups

MySpace offers a number of Groups, and many of these groups are business related. The forums are an online community where members can get together and discuss related topics that interest all members. Spam is often found and deleted, anyway, but you can still promote your own service as long as it is done ethically and properly. Signature links are the most common method – a method that has been employed in forum advertising and more recently blog advertising for some time. Post relevant comments, useful tips, and answer people's questions with a conclusive response – other members of the community will be inclined to read your post and click your signature link.

Create A Powerful Profile Page

Ensure that your profile is easy to read, includes relevant links to your website (but not an over abundance of them), and offers genuine information. It's perfectly acceptable to include information pertaining to your business and your website in your profile page. Members of your new MySpace network will click on your username and view your profile page. This provides you with the opportunity to sell your services in a positive light.

Add Media Regularly

If you sell products, write articles, or create video content or music, then your MySpace page can include any and all of these. Adding media and links to related pages is essentially what MySpace is about and what it is most widely used for. Create your page, invite others to visit it and join your network of friends. This allows you to keep in regular communication with those people.


Help! I'm New, I Need Links, What Can I Do?

by debramastaler

Date Submitted: 4/9/2008

If your website needs inbound links and you're not sure how to get them, here's an outline of things you can do to secure quality links.

If you're a new website trying to attract an audience and rank well, you'll need a stream of inbound links from quality sites in order to get your site indexed and rank well. Here's a handful of linking methods you can use to secure one-way inbound links.

Apply to the Yahoo! Directory

Submit to solid directories such as Joe Ant, GoGuides, BOTW, Ezilon, Rubberstamped and Massive Links.

Join a Chamber of Commerce, your industry Association and related clubs

Issue a press release through one of the news release services annoucing your new website or a news-worthy promotion you are hosting.

Buy a list of high-profile journalists and contact them directly for one-on-one interviews.

Backlink your competition and those ranking ahead of you for the keyword phrases you want to be found for and look for advertising and linking leads.

Develop a "how to" video for your site and/or products. Add the video to your site, and then add to places link You Tube and the How-To sites.

Buy ad space in offline publications annoucing your new site.

Find an established business in a complementary industry to host a co-promotion or buy their mailing list to send out link incentives.

Find out who's podcasting in your niche and buy space, offer to be a guest or donate products to be given away in exchange for a link.

Locate the prominent bloggers in your niche and note where they are linking and who's linking to them. Work these sites for links.

Leave thoughtful, well written comments on the blogs in your niche, get your name known throughout the community.

Be sure to incorporate an incentive to link program in all your external correspondence such as autoresponders, confirmation emails, reminders, etc.

Create a corporate blog and invite bloggers, journalists and your customers to contribute. Continually promote the site and it's writers and in turn, they'll support your site by linking to it. Don't forget to add an RSS feed as well.

Add your blog to all the blog directories as well as the RSS feeds to the RSS directories.

While some of these tactics have a moderate cost to them, a good many are free. Not only will you gain links, but you'll also gain the much needed influx of traffic competitive sites need to break into the race.

Saturday, February 6, 2010

Abuse and regulation

Abuse and regulation

Critics often claim abuse of administrative power over domain names. Particularly noteworthy was the VeriSign Site Finder system which redirected all unregistered .com and .net domains to a VeriSign webpage. For example, at a public meeting with VeriSign to air technical concerns about SiteFinder,[10] numerous people, active in the IETF and other technical bodies, explained how they were surprised by VeriSign's changing the fundamental behavior of a major component of Internet infrastructure, not having obtained the customary consensus. SiteFinder, at first, assumed every Internet query was for a website, and it monetized queries for incorrect domain names, taking the user to VeriSign's search site. Unfortunately, other applications, such as many implementations of email, treat a lack of response to a domain name query as an indication that the domain does not exist, and that the message can be treated as undeliverable. The original VeriSign implementation broke this assumption for mail, because it would always resolve an erroneous domain name to that of SiteFinder. While VeriSign later changed SiteFinder's behaviour with regard to email, there was still widespread protest about VeriSign's action being more in its financial interest than in the interest of the Internet infrastructure component for which VeriSign was the steward.

Despite widespread criticism, VeriSign only reluctantly removed it after the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) threatened to revoke its contract to administer the root name servers. ICANN published the extensive set of letters exchanged, committee reports, and ICANN decisions.[11]

There is also significant disquiet regarding the United States' political influence over ICANN. This was a significant issue in the attempt to create a .xxx top-level domain and sparked greater interest in alternative DNS roots that would be beyond the control of any single country.[12]

Additionally, there are numerous accusations of domain name "front running", whereby registrars, when given whois queries, automatically register the domain name for themselves. Recently, Network Solutions has been accused of this

Use in web site hosting

Use in web site hosting

A domain name is a component of a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) used to access web sites, for example:

URL: http://www.example.net/index.html
Top-level domain name: .net
Second-level domain name: example.net
Host name: www.example.net

A domain name may point to multiple IP addresses to provide server redundancy for the services delivered. This is used for large, popular web sites. More commonly, however, one server at a given IP address may also host multiple web sites in different domains. Such address overloading enables virtual web hosting commonly used by large web hosting services to conserve IP address space. It is possible through a feature in the HTTP version 1.1 protocol, but not in HTTP 1.0, which requires that a request identifies the domain name being referenced.

Domain name confusion

Domain name confusion
Intercapping is often used to emphasize the meaning of a domain name. However, DNS names are case-insensitive, and some names may be misinterpreted in certain uses of capitalization. For example: Who Represents, a database of artists and agents, chose whorepresents.com, which can be misread as whore presents. Similarly, a therapists' network is named therapistfinder.com. In such situations, the proper meaning may be clarified by use of hyphens in the domain name. For instance, Experts Exchange, the programmers' site, for a long time used expertsexchange.com, but ultimately changed the name to experts-exchange.com.

Leo Stoller threatened to sue the owners of StealThisEmail.com on the basis that, when read as stealthisemail.com, it infringed on claimed (but invalid) trademark rights to the word "stealth".

Domain aftermarket prices and trends

Domain aftermarket prices and trends

Domain name sales occurring in the aftermarket are frequently submitted to the DN journal. The sales are listed weekly and include the top aftermarket resellers which include but are not limited to Sedo, Traffic (auctions), Afternic, NameJet, Moniker and private sales.

To date, and according to Guinness World Records and MSNBC, the most expensive domain name sales on record as of 2004 were:[8]

* Business.com for $7.5 million in December 1999
* AsSeenOnTv.com for $5.1 million in January 2000
* Altavista.com for $3.3 million in August 1998
* Wine.com for $2.9 million in September 1999
* CreditCards.com for $2.75 million in July 2004
* Autos.com for $2.2 million in December 1999

Resale of domain names

Resale of domain names

The business of resale of previously registered domain names is known as the domain aftermarket. Various factors influence the perceived value or market value of a domain name. Annually tens of millions of dollars change hands in connection with the resale of domains. Large numbers of registered domain names lapse and are deleted each year. On average, more than 25,000 domain names drop (are deleted) every day.

Domain name registration

Domain name registration

The right to use a domain name is delegated by domain name registrars which are accredited by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), the organization charged with overseeing the name and number systems of the Internet. In addition to ICANN, each top-level domain (TLD) is maintained and serviced technically by an administrative organization, operating a registry. A registry is responsible for maintaining the database of names registered within the TLD it administers. The registry receives registration information from each domain name registrar authorized to assign names in the corresponding TLD and publishes the information using a special service, the whois protocol.

Registries and registrars usually charge an annual fee for the service of delegating a domain name to a user and providing a default set of name servers. Often this transaction is termed a sale or lease of the domain name, and the registrant may sometimes be called an "owner", but no such legal relationship is actually associated with the transaction, only the exclusive right to use the domain name. More correctly, authorized users are known as "registrants" or as "domain holders".

ICANN publishes the complete list of TLD registries and domain name registrars. Registrant information associated with domain names is maintained in an online database accessible with the WHOIS service. For most of the more than 240 country code top-level domains (ccTLDs), the domain registries maintain the WHOIS (Registrant, name servers, expiration dates, etc.) information.

Some domain name registries, often called network information centers (NIC), also function as registrars to end-users. The major generic top-level domain registries, such as for the COM, NET, ORG, INFO domains and others, use a registry-registrar model consisting of hundreds of domain name registrars (see lists at ICANN or VeriSign). In this method of management, the registry only manages the domain name database and the relationship with the registrars. The registrants (users of a domain name) are customers of the registrar, in some cases through additional layers of resellers.

In the process of registering a domain name and maintaining authority over the new name space created, registrars use several key pieces of information connected with a domain:

* Administrative contact. A registrant usually designates an administrative contact to manage the domain name. The administrative contact usually has the highest level of control over a domain. Management functions delegated to the administrative contacts may include management of all business information, such as name of record, postal address, and contact information of the official registrant of the domain and the obligation to conform to the requirements of the domain registry in order to retain the right to use a domain name. Furthermore the administrative contact installs additional contact information for technical and billing functions.
* Technical contact. The technical contact manages the name servers of a domain name. The functions of a technical contact include assuring conformance of the configurations of the domain name with the requirements of the domain registry, maintaining the domain zone records, and providing continuous functionality of the name servers (that leads to the accessibility of the domain name).
* Billing contact. The party responsible for receiving billing invoices from the domain name registrar and paying applicable fees.
* Name servers. Most registrars provide two or more name servers as part of the registration service. However, a registrant may specify its own authoritative name servers to host a domain's resource records. The registrar's policies govern the number of servers and the type of server information required. Some providers require a hostname and the corresponding IP address or just the hostname, which must be resolvable either in the new domain, or exist elsewhere. Based on traditional requirements (RFC 1034), typically a minimum of two servers is required.

Domain names are often seen in analogy to real estate in that (1) domain names are foundations on which a website (like a house or commercial building) can be built and (2) the highest "quality" domain names, like sought-after real estate, tend to carry significant value, usually due to their online brand-building potential, use in advertising, search engine optimization, and many other criteria.

A few companies have offered low-cost, below-cost or even cost-free domain registrations with a variety of models adopted to recoup the costs to the provider. These usually require that domains be hosted on their website within a framework or portal that includes advertising wrapped around the domain holder's content, revenue from which allows the provider to recoup the costs. Domain registrations were free of charge when the DNS was new. A domain holder can give away or sell infinite number of subdomains under their domain name. For example, the owner of example.org could provide subdomains such as foo.example.org and foo.bar.example.org to interested parties.

Second-level and lower level domains

Second-level and lower level domains

Below the top-level domains in the domain name hierarchy are the second-level domain (SLD) names. These are the names directly to the left of .com, .net, and the other top-level domains. As an example, in the domain en.wikipedia.org, wikipedia is the second-level domain.

Next are third-level domains, which are written immediately to the left of a second-level domain. There can be fourth- and fifth-level domains, and so on, with virtually no limitation. An example of an operational domain name with four levels of domain labels is www.sos.state.oh.us. The www preceding the domains is the host name of the World-Wide Web server. Each label is separated by a full stop (dot). 'sos' is said to be a sub-domain of 'state.oh.us', and 'state' a sub-domain of 'oh.us', etc. In general, subdomains are domains subordinate to their parent domain. An example of very deep levels of subdomain ordering are the IPv6 reverse resolution DNS zones, e.g., 1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.ip6.arpa, which is the reverse DNS resolution domain name for the IP address of a loopback interface, or the localhost name.

Second-level (or lower-level, depending on the established parent hierarchy) domain names are often created based on the name of a company (e.g., microsoft.com), product or service (e.g., gmail.com). Below these levels, the next domain name component has been used to designate a particular host server. Therefore, ftp.wikipedia.org might be an FTP server, www.wikipedia.org would be a World Wide Web server, and mail.wikipedia.org could be an email server, each intended to perform only the implied function. Modern technology allows multiple physical servers with either different (cf. load balancing) or even identical addresses (cf. anycast) to serve a single hostname or domain name, or multiple domain names to be served by a single computer. The latter is very popular in Web hosting service centers, where service providers host the websites of many organizations on just a few servers.

The hierarchical DNS labels or components of domain names are separated in a fully qualified name by the full stop (dot, .).

Top-level domains

Top-level domains

The top-level domains (TLDs) are the highest level of domain names of the Internet. They form the DNS root zone of the hierarchical Domain Name System. Every domain name ends in a top-level or first-level domain label.

When the Domain Name System was created in the 1980s, the domain name space was divided into two main groups of domains.[2] The country code top-level domains (ccTLD) were primarily based on the two-character territory codes of ISO-3166 country abbreviations. In addition, a group of seven generic top-level domains (gTLD) was implemented which represented a set of categories of names and multi-organizations.[3] These were the domains GOV, EDU, COM, MIL, ORG, NET, and INT.

During the growth of the Internet, it became desirable to create additional generic top-level domains. As of June 2009, there are 20 generic top-level domains and 248 country code top-level domains.[4] In addition, the ARPA domain serves technical purposes in the infrastructure of the Domain Name System.

During the 32nd International Public ICANN Meeting in Paris in 2008,[5] ICANN started a new process of TLD naming policy to take a "significant step forward on the introduction of new generic top-level domains." This program envisions the availability of many new or already proposed domains, as well a new application and implementation process.[6] Observers believed that the new rules could result in hundreds of new top-level domain to be registered.[7]

An annotated list of top-level domains in the root zone database is published at the IANA website at http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ and a Wikipedia list exists.

The domain name space

The domain name space

The hierarchical domain name system, organized into zones, each served by a name server.

The domain name space consists of a tree of domain names. Each node in the tree holds information associated with the domain name. The tree sub-divides into zones beginning at the root zone.
[edit] Parts of a domain name

A domain name consists of one or more parts, technically called labels, that are conventionally concatenated, and delimited by dots, such as example.com.

* The right-most label conveys the top-level domain; for example, the domain name www.example.com belongs to the top-level domain com.
* The hierarchy of domains descends from the right to the left label in the name; each label to the left specifies a subdivision, or subdomain of the domain to the right. For example: the label example specifies a subdomain of the com domain, and www is a subdomain of example.com. This tree of labels may consist of 127 levels. Each label may contain up to 63 ASCII characters. The full domain name may not exceed a total length of 253 characters.[1] In practice, some domain registries may have shorter limits.
* A hostname is a domain name that has at least one IP addresses associated. For example, the domain names www.example.com and example.com are also hostnames, whereas the com domain is not.
Top-level domains

What is your domain name?

Your domain name — it's how the online world finds you.

A domain name, or Web address, is an address where you can be found online. It's how you'll express yourself through email or your website and it's what customers think of when trying to find you. nsWebAddress™ provides the tools to get online fast.

Domain Name System

The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical naming system for computers, services, or any resource connected to the Internet or a private network. It associates various information with domain names assigned to each of the participants. Most importantly, it translates domain names meaningful to humans into the numerical (binary) identifiers associated with networking equipment for the purpose of locating and addressing these devices worldwide. An often used analogy to explain the Domain Name System is that it serves as the "phone book" for the Internet by translating human-friendly computer hostnames into IP addresses. For example, www.example.com translates to 208.77.188.166.

The Domain Name System makes it possible to assign domain names to groups of Internet users in a meaningful way, independent of each user's physical location. Because of this, World Wide Web (WWW) hyperlinks and Internet contact information can remain consistent and constant even if the current Internet routing arrangements change or the participant uses a mobile device. Internet domain names are easier to remember than IP addresses such as 208.77.188.166 (IPv4) or 2001:db8:1f70::999:de8:7648:6e8 (IPv6). People take advantage of this when they recite meaningful URLs and e-mail addresses without having to know how the machine will actually locate them.

The Domain Name System distributes the responsibility of assigning domain names and mapping those names to IP addresses by designating authoritative name servers for each domain. Authoritative name servers are assigned to be responsible for their particular domains, and in turn can assign other authoritative name servers for their sub-domains. This mechanism has made the DNS distributed, fault tolerant, and helped avoid the need for a single central register to be continually consulted and updated.

In general, the Domain Name System also stores other types of information, such as the list of mail servers that accept email for a given Internet domain. By providing a worldwide, distributed keyword-based redirection service, the Domain Name System is an essential component of the functionality of the Internet.

Other identifiers such as RFID tags, UPC codes, International characters in email addresses and host names, and a variety of other identifiers could all potentially utilize DNS.[1]

The Domain Name System also defines the technical underpinnings of the functionality of this database service. For this purpose it defines the DNS protocol, a detailed specification of the data structures and communication exchanges used in DNS, as part of the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP).